Ancient Greece A Form Government System Essay - 2462 Words

In the time long before the birth of Christ, during the BC era, the land directly above what is known as Greece, existed an ancient empire known as Macedonia. Today, the regions of the world expanding from Greece, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia exist today at the Macedonia region. The Macedonia region was considered to be part of the ancient Greece civilization, but the women and men of these two countries could not be more unlike each other. Absolutely no group of individuals in history has ever given so much to the human civilization as the ancient Greeks did. These individuals had the ability to build architectural monuments. Along with introducing four of greatest dramatic actors who ever lived. Ancient Greece receives recognition for introducing one of the greatest statesmen and two of the most well-known historians to capture history itself. Mostly importantly, they provided the ground for some of the greatest scientists, philosophers and artists to thrived and be recognized as grea t in today’s modern civilization. What we call democracy today, is a form government system rooted from Ancient Greece. Macedonians much like their Greek neighbors shared the same traits in regards to having a ferocious attitude from a life’s perspective in general these individuals were considered to be rough. Unlike Ancient Greece, the Macedonia ancient empire lack and failed to produce great philosophers, artist, or actors whose stage works received recognition. However for the most part,Show MoreRelatedGreek And Roman Civilizations : Greece And Ancient Civilizations1503 Words   |  7 Pages Greek and Roman Civilizations In examining the impact that the ancient world has had on modern Western civilization, the two ancient civilizations which are frequently understood as having had the greatest influence are Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. These two civilizations would eventually come to shape much of what would become the modern European culture, politics and society, and by extension, a vast proportion of global culture and society. In scrutinizing the trajectory of modern historyRead MoreGreek And Roman Civilizations : Greece And Ancient Civilizations1498 Words   |  6 Pages Greek and Roman Civilizations In examining the impact that the ancient world has had on modern Western civilization, the two ancient civilizations which are frequently understood as having had the greatest influence are Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. These two civilizations would eventually come to shape much of what would become the modern European culture, politics and society, and by extension, a vast proportion of global culture and society. In examining the trajectory of modern historyRead MoreAncient China Versus Ancient Greece Essay1008 Words   |  5 PagesAncient China Versus Ancient Greece Ancient China and Ancient Greece were two vastly different civilizations with different cultures; they shared a multitude of similar political, economic, and philosophical achievements while also inholding multiple differences. The centralized government of China differed from the independent city-states of Athens. A similarity that both civilizations held in regards to politics would be the role, or lack thereof one, that women played within their respectiveRead MoreGreece : The Birth Place Of Democracy1087 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment Although Greece is the birth place of Democracy, Greece was not always a democratic country. In many parts of Greece other forms of government ruled. For instance, in Sparta, the government was an oligarchy; and in Athens before democracy, they were an aristocracy. When leaders took over land and their word became law, it was considered a tyranny. Many places ran by a royal family or bloodline were considered monarchy. A monarchy by definition is a form of government with a monarch at theRead MoreThe Main Contributions from Greek Society Essay572 Words   |  3 Pagesknows why it disappeared. The Mycenaean civilization arouse on the Greek mainland. The inhabitants of this were not natives of Greece. Advancement is a general term describing the discoveries and practices within Ancient Greece that are still used in some form today. Advancement shows their achievements in weaponry, schooling, and government systems. Ancient Greece did not have the technology used today to build weapons of defense or attack in battle, so weapons would be strategized and createdRead MoreSociety Vs Ancient Greece Society1125 Words   |  5 PagesAncient Greece was a polytheistic society with a varied life reflecting their beliefs, culture, and society and differed greatly from that of the modern world. They believed very strongly in Olympian Gods and had many worship habits. Those two things are what mostly made Ancient Greece. In modern day Greece, the area is about 51,000 square miles and islands make up about 20 percent of the total area. Mostly all islands are in mountain ranges. There are about 6000 islands in Greece but only 30 percentRead MoreGreek Mythology And Its Impact On Modern Culture1055 Words   |  5 PagesGreece civilization has its origins from Greek Mythology and has had a significant impact on our history and mythology helped shed light to it’s culture, religion, and government of ancient Greece. The Mediterranean has served as a vessel for the early civilizations., Greek mythology has influenced the life style and religion of the Greeks, especially because Greek mythology served as the primary basis of Greek belief, it became the nearest thing the Greeks had to a holy bible.1 These mythologiesRead MoreChinese vs Greeks when It Comes to Influence708 Words   |  3 PagesChinese and the Greeks had the most influence. Emphasis should be placed on how Greek culture has spread fa rther and affected the world in ways the Chinese was unable to. We can see most roots of modern Western culture lying within the Ancient Greek. Ancient Greece had a very large impact on todays’ modern world. The Greeks developed many amazing inventions, and ideals that have shaped our society. The various fields that were advanced include architecture, democracy, philosophy, science, and socialRead More Contributions of Ancient Civilizations Essay820 Words   |  4 Pagescharacterized by elements such as a system of writing, a development of social classes, and cities. Early civilizations such as ancient Greece, classical Rome, Mesopotamia, and classical China have made many contributions to society that still affect people in the modern world. The inventions, progress, and contributions of the people of these ancient civilizations and others have shaped the world that we all live in today. Ancient Mesopotamia was one of the first of the ancient civilizations. It formedRead MoreWhat Did the Greek and Roman Culture Leave for Europe889 Words   |  4 PagesWhat did the Greek and Roman culture leave for Europe The ancient Greek and Roman civilization is not only the cradle of Europe culture , but also the Western culture. The two major ancient civilization is the worlds two eternal monument of cultural history, is the golden age of the West with great relish. Hard-working people of ancient Greece and Rome created countless masterpieces with their wisdom. Ancient Greek culture is the source of Roman culture, Roman culture developed constantly

Cng Station Construction Lower Installation Cost

CNG Station Construction: Lower Installation Cost Many cities in the U.S. are ramping up to develop an infrastructure that will support compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicles. Though there are very few CNG-compatible, or even hybrid OEM passenger vehicles (Honda sells a CNG Civic and General Motors has started to produce a dual-fuel Chevrolet Impala), the market is growing for CNG powered fleet trucks. From long-haul tractor trailers, to regional or local same-day shippers, to garbage trucks, CNG is becoming a fuel of choice among companies who carry the cost of fuel as a major operating expense. Even in the second half of 2014 and now the first half of 2015, while oil prices are at their lowest in over a decade, CNG remains significantly less per gallon equivalent than diesel. Companies with large truck fleets are planning long-term and speculating that the price of oil won t stay low. Some of those companies are consumer goods manufacturers whose customers prefer to purchase from organizations that promote sustainability, said U.S. Gain s Bill Renz. Another highly visible industry is waste disposal. We see waste trucks every day. The largest waste disposal company in the U.S., Waste Management, Inc. continues its push to be environmentally friendly. Not just in how it disposes of waste, but also in the fuel emissions from their fleets. The organization has converted 2,000 of their collection vehicles to natural gas. This has elevated Waste Management to theShow MoreRelatedBackground And Present Status Of Energy Sector Essay10096 Words   |  41 Pagesconstruct and handle distribution lines and conduct marketing activities. A company named Rupantarita Prakritik Gas Company Limited (RPGCL) was organized to alter vehicles’ conventional combustion systems to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) based systems and to popularize the use of CNG. Barapukuria Coal Mining Company Limited (BCMCL) and Madhyapara Granite Mining Company Limited (MGMCL) are two companies that serve the purpose of mining of coal and hard rock respectively. A corporate body named as BangladeshRead MoreMarketing Strategies Adopted in the Japanese Automotive Industry6872 Words   |  28 Pagesoutdoor pollution.[9] Using green vehicles will reduce the negative impacts on the environment and health. Hybrid taxi fleet operators in New York reported that reduced fuel consumption saves them thousands of dollars per year, showing that significant cost savings can be achieved through the employment of green vehicles.[10] In this research paper, the green vehicles discussed are Toyota Prius (hybrid), Honda Civic GX (natural gas), and Nissan Leaf (electric). 4.0 Toyota Marketing Strategy 4.1 AboutRead MorePetroleum : Facilities And Processes4158 Words   |  17 Pagessuch as passive seismic, reflective seismic, magnetic and gravity surveys to collect data that helps them identify potential hydrocarbon bearing rock as â€Å"prospects.† Because of the costs involved, oil companies spend much time on analysis models of good exploration data. For example: An offshore well typically costs $30 million, with most falling in the $10-$100 million range. Rig leases are typically $200,000 - $700,000 per day. Therefore, the oil companies will only drill at locations for whichRead MoreDescription of a Hybrid Vehicle6309 Words   |  26 Pagesneed extra weight for traction purposes anyway the battery pack s weight is a negligible penalty. In addition the diesel generator and battery package are normally built on an existing retired yard locomotive s frame for significant additional cost savings. The existing motors and running gear are all rebuilt and reused. Diesel fuel savings of 40–60% and up to 80% pollution reductions are claimed over that of a typical older switching/yard engine. The same advantages that existing hybrid carsRead MoreBusiness, Government and Society4777 Words   |  20 Pagesenergy sources. It has considerable hydroelectric generation facilities, and has installed the world’s first commercial scale geothermal energy installation. Furthermore, underground heat sources account for 25% of all the energy needs. The cost of operating business in the Philippines can contribute 35% to 50% cost savings compared to US business operations cost. The country’s labour is cheap and is 100% open to foreign investments. Growth is also boosted by higher government spending and larger remittancesRead MoreReport on Oil and Gas Industry in Pakistan81517 Words   |  327 PagesKilogram (kg) 2.2046 pounds (lb) 1 million ton Abbreviations and Acronyms ADB AG AJK ARL CF CIDA CIF CIM CNG COS DGG DGO DGPC DWT EP EIA EPA FATA FO FOB FOTCO FSU GDS Asian Development Bank Arab Gulf Azad Jammu Kashmir Attock Refinery Limited Cost and Freight Canadian International Development Agency Cost, Insurance, and Freight Central Inspectorate of Mines Compressed Natural Gas Cost of Service Directorate General Gas Directorate General Oil Directorate General Petroleum Concession Dead WeightRead MoreMineral Resources18511 Words   |  75 Pagesconsumer-oriented people in these areas of high population density consume. Urban centers cannot exist without resources such as water from rivers and lakes, food from agricultural areas, domestic animals from pasture lands and timber, fuel wood, construction material and other resources from forests. Rural agricultural systems are dependent on forests, wetlands, grasslands, rivers and lakes. The result is a movement of natural resources from the wilderness ecosystems and agricultural sector to the

Ohio Northern University ACT Scores, Acceptance Rate

Students interested in applying to Ohio Northern University will need to submit an application, which can be filled out and submitted online. Additional required materials include official transcripts of high school work, and scores from either the SAT or ACT. Be sure to visit the schools website for full information, including important dates and deadlines. A visit to campus is always encouraged, and interested students should get in touch with the admissions office to set up a tour. Admissions Data (2016) Ohio Northern University Acceptance Rate: 64%GPA, SAT and ACT graph for ONUTest Scores -- 25th / 75th PercentileSAT Critical Reading: 510 / 600SAT Math: 520 / 635SAT Writing: - / -What these SAT numbers meanTop Ohio colleges SAT comparisonACT Composite: 23 / 28ACT English: 21 / 28ACT Math: 23  / 28What these ACT numbers meanTop Ohio colleges ACT comparison Ohio Northern University Description Ohio Northern is a small comprehensive university affiliated with the United Methodist Church. Students come from 43 states and 13 countries. Founded in 1871, the university is located in the small town of Ada, Ohio. The university has a 13 to 1  student / faculty ratio, and the average size of freshman classes is 23 students. Students take courses from among the universitys five colleges: Arts and Sciences, Business Administration, Engineering, Law, and Pharmacy. The college prides itself on its blend of liberal arts and professional programs. In athletics, the ONU Polar Bears compete in the NCAA Division III Ohio Athletic Conference. Popular sports include football, tennis, lacrosse, track and field, baseball, basketball, and soccer. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 3,108  (2,274 undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 55% Male / 45% Female91% Full-time Costs (2016- 17) Tuition and Fees: $29,820Books: $1,800 (why so much?)Room and Board: $11,050Other Expenses: $2,058Total Cost: $44,728 Ohio Northern University Financial Aid (2015  - 16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 99%Percentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 97%Loans: 95%Average Amount of AidGrants: $19,210Loans: $10,188 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Biology, Civil Engineering, Communication Studies, Management Science, Mechanical Engineering, Nursing Transfer, Retention and Graduation Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 86%4-Year Graduation Rate: 60%6-Year Graduation Rate: 74% Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Football, Lacrosse, Tennis, Swimming, Baseball, Wrestling, GolfWomens Sports:  Softball, Swimming, Volleyball, Track and Field, Basketball, Soccer Data Source National Center for Educational Statistics If You Like Ohio Northern University, You May Also Like These Schools Ohio State University: Profile | GPA-ACT-SAT GraphUniversity of Dayton: Profile | GPA-ACT-SAT GraphKent State University: Profile | GPA-ACT-SAT GraphBowling Green State University: Profile | GPA-ACT-SAT GraphUniversity of Akron: Profile | GPA-ACT-SAT GraphCase Western Reserve University: Profile | GPA-ACT-SAT GraphDuquesne University: Profile | GPA-ACT-SAT GraphPurdue University: Profile | GPA-ACT-SAT GraphAshland University: Profile  Baldwin Wallace University: Profile Ohio Northern  and the Common Application Ohio Northern University uses the  Common Application. These articles can help guide you: Common Application essay tips and samplesShort answer tips and samplesSupplemental essay tips and samples

Analysis Of Shirin Neshat, An Iranian Visual Artist

Shirin Neshat is an Iranian visual artist, who is well-known for her works in films as well as photography. After graduating from school, she moved to New York and married a Korean artist. This picture is quite evocative and convoluted. It’s a representational artwork. Its dimensions are 33 x 22.2 cm. (13 x 8.7 in.). It’s interesting to me because the woman in the picture silently expresses a lot. It is quite comprehensible. The image represents Islamic religion in which a woman stands up to defend her religion and explain that her religion is transparent and that it is not as deficient as it is deemed by other people, nonetheless, they are not given equal rights. Rather, their past efforts are overlooked. In this portrait, the artist has portrayed herself, wearing a black color dress that covers her completely only leaving her face uncovered. Moreover, a poem in Persian language is stated on her face, and a rifle is segregating her face into two components. The artist’s eyes gaze intensely towards the viewers from the both sides. She opted to portray herself as a muslim woman to shed light on her religion and to explain the distinction amongst Islam and western culture. According to Syre, the poem inscribed upon her face narrates the belief of many Iranian Muslim women in Islam. It is their believe that as per Islam, all men and women are equal, and the Chador that covers the woman body from head to feets, leaving her face naked prevents woman from becoming a sexualShow MoreRelatedAn Evaluation Of Iranian Artist And The Role2283 Words   |  10 PagesThe following paper will be an evaluation of Iranian artist and the role they play as women living in exile. The paper will disc uss how art becomes a type of political discourse against patriarchal governments. To do this I will look at the work of Parastou Forohaur an Iranian artist whose parents were killed when she was young because they were political activist fighting to defend the rights of all people women and men included. In the paper I will use various sources and terms that have been discussedRead MoreCultural Imperialism And Iranian Art2292 Words   |  10 PagesCultural Hegemony and Iranian Art (Iranian Art as Political Discourse) The following paper will be an evaluation of Iranian artist and the role they play as women living in exile. The paper will discuss how art becomes a type of political discourse against patriarchal governments. To do this I will look at the work of Parastou Forohaur an Iranian artist whose parents were killed when she was young because they were political activist fighting to defend the rights of all people women and men includedRead MoreHow Art Is Affected By Hegemony And Vice Versa2218 Words   |  9 PagesThe following paper will be an evaluation of Parastou Forouhar an Iranian artist whose parents were killed. This paper will primarily look at how art is affected by hegemony and vice versa. To do this I will include brief analyses of Foruhar’s art work and how they relate to common themes that have been discussed throughout this semester. The primary themes thus far are agency and empowerment. To accomplish this, I will use a variety of sources that will help differentiat e each term as well as discussing

President of the Academy of Finland Free Essays

Alvar Aalto is considered a modern architect, yet his work exhibits a carefully crafted balance of intricate and complex forms, spaces, and elements, and reveals traditionalism rooted in the cultural heritage and physical environment of Finland. He was born Hugo Alvar Henrik Aalto in the Ostro-Bothnian village of Kourtane, Finland in 1898. He graduated with honors from Helsinki Polytechnic in 1921 after which he opened his own practice. We will write a custom essay sample on President of the Academy of Finland or any similar topic only for you Order Now He held the position of Professor of Architecture at MIT 1946 to 1948, and was President of the Academy of Finland 1963-68. Aalto was a religious man and a practicing Christian. Although his early work borrowed from the neoclassic movement, he eventually adapted the symbolism and functionalism of the Modern Movement to generate his plans and forms. It allowed him to create a series of functional and yet non-reductionist buildings. Even though he borrowed from the International style, his use of color, texture, and structure was creative and new in its own right. He refined the modern European architecture and molded it to develop and define a new Finnish architecture. His designs were always contextual as they were responsive to site, material and form unlike most of the other modernist architects who designed in isolation. Aalto produced a lot of work in countries like Germany, America and Sweden. A lot of his projects under construction at the same time have overlapping ideas and details. Moreover, Aalto was of the few architects who designed to the last detail and was aware and receptive to the needs of the people and the environment. Aalto was a master of form and planning. His buildings have provided renewed inspiration in the face of widespread disillusionment with high modernism on one hand, and post-modernism on the other. Aalto’s mature work embodies a unique functionalist/expressionist and humane style, successfully applied to libraries, civic centers, churches, housing, etc. In their scale, mastery of light and distinctive palettes, Aalto’s buildings were characterized with a robust humanism. During the mid-1930s Alvar Aalto’s work began to embody a more tactile, romantic, and picturesque posture, becoming less machinelike in imagery. The presence of these characteristics in his work, coupled with a seemingly rekindled interest in Finnish vernacular building traditions and a concern for the alienated individual within modern mass society, signals a movement away from the functionalist tenets that formed his architecture in the early 1930s. In renouncing industrialized production as a compositional and formal ordering sensibility, Alvar Aalto moved toward a more personal style which solidified over the next decade, a direction achieving maturity in his work executed after World War II. Aalto’s Saynatsalo Town Hall, built between 1942- 1952, in Saynatsalo, Finland, was one of the civic projects he undertook. The building had a pioneering effort in using brick. Never before had red bricks been used in civic buildings in Finland as they common concept on them not being too formal existed. However, bricks were warm with reference to color and not as formidable looking as stone, so they fit right into context in the cold harsh climate of Finland. Aalto had strong political opinions and wanted to make the town governments strong enough to be able to stand up to central governments. He had individual freedom in mind while designing the Saynatsalo Town Hall. He changed the program brief to increase the footprint and the mass of the building. He introduced a courtyard in the centre with single loaded corridors to ensure well-lit offices and corridors. He utilized the principal idea of the Greek agora when designing the town hall. The building followed the contours of site and the courtyard level defined the spatial datum. The use of exposed timber trusses was there as well as a double height council chamber to give it that hierarchy. Similarly, the Baker House Dormitory, at the MIT campus in USA was designed and built between 1946- 1949. In this building, Aalto comes up with a slightly different approach which he later carries on in his other projects such as the Church of the 3 crosses in Vuokesenniska. He uses the concept of duality and carries it out in detail throughout the project in the sinuous serpentine wall. It’s a large brick building with repetitive elements. The duality exists in the background vs. foreground relationship of the building, in the repetitive vs. the unique, the curvy vs. the rectilinear, the planar vs. the volumetric, the large vs. the small and the brick vs. the marble. The unique staircase projects out of the buildings and becomes the diagonal element. It gives a certain degree of dynamism to the project. Like the Baker House Dormitory, Aalto juxtaposes the rectilinear against the curvilinear in a lot of his other projects. He breaks away from the idea of symmetry and uses asymmetry to his advantage and for functional reasons. Aalto’s later work had a lot to do with acoustics as he attempted at making acoustically sound buildings such as the Finlandia hall or the Church of the 3 crosses. Before totally moving towards architecture ad designing buildings, Aalto designed products and furniture. So in 1935, with the assistance of Maire Gullichsen and with Nils Gustav Hahl as director, the firm of Artek was formed, which produced and marketed Alvar Aalto’s furniture, fabric, and glassware designs. Amongst some of his most famous product designs is the Savoy vase which was an organic form. Aalto’s vases had a fluid sinuous shape in varying colors that let the users decide the use. They are being manufactured to this day. Aalto’s furniture was mainly bent wood light furniture which followed the principles of clean functional design. He made the Paimio Chair for the sanitorium in 1931-32. It was inspired by the tubular steel Marcel Breuer chairs in his own home and was devised to ease the breathing of tuberculosis patients in a combination of molded wood and plywood which, Aalto believed, would be warmer and more comfortable than metal. Alvar Aalto died in 1976 in Helsinki. Over the course of his 50-year career, Aalto, unlike a number of his contemporaries, did not rely on modernism’s fondness for industrialized processes as a compositional technique, but forged an architecture influenced by a broad spectrum of concerns. Alvar Aalto’s architecture manifests an understanding of the psychological needs of modern society, the particular qualities of the Finnish environment, and the historical, technical, and cultural traditions of Scandinavian architecture. Bibliography : †¢ Gardner’s Art through the Ages †¢ Alvar Aalto (Archipocket) by Alvar Aalto and Aurora Cuito †¢ Alvar Aalto by Richard Weston †¢ www. wikipedia. org/wiki/Alvar_Aalto †¢ www. scandinaviandesign. com/Alvar_Aalto †¢ www. designmuseum. org †¢ http://virtual. finland. fi/netcomm/news/showarticle. asp? intNWSAID=26966 †¢ http://architect. architecture. sk/alvar-aalto-architect/alvar-aalto-architect. php †¢ Finnish Architecture and the Modernist Tradition by Malco Quantrill †¢ www. artek. fi How to cite President of the Academy of Finland, Papers

Platos Three Parts of The Soul Essay Example For Students

Platos Three Parts of The Soul Essay As the founder of the first university and considered the most powerful thinker in history Plato believed that the soul was made of three parts. The Three Parts of the Soul in Plats Republic and Phaedra are mans Appetite (Black Horse on Left), Spirited (White Horse on Right), and Reason (Charioteer). Each part of the soul has its own virtue as well as its own vice. Temperance is the virtue Of Appetite, Courage the virtue of Spirit, and Wisdom is the virtue of Reason. It was Plats belief that goodness and justice come from the correct balance Of the Three Parts of the Soul. We will uncover the perfect balance of the soul According to Plato and how goodness and justice come form this balance. Known as our animal side the appetitive part of the soul includes a myriad of desires for different pleasures. Comforts, physical satisfaction. And bodily ease. Temperance, which is the virtue of the appetite, is ones ability to exhibit moderation and self-restraint when indulging in lifes pleasures. The good and just practice temperance while the evil and unjust practice lust, greed, and Layton, commonly referred to as the Vice of the appetitive part of the soul. There are so many appetites that Plato does not mention all theme, but he does say that they can often be in conflict with each other, In the republic the workers and artisans were in this category. The ugly black horse on the left represents the appetitive element of the soul. The spirited part of the soul or hot-blooded part is where we get our source of action. This is the part of the soul that will get angry if we feel an injustice is being done. It is also the part of us that loves facing and overcoming challenges, the part that loves victory, challenge, and winning. Courage, which is the virtue of the spirited element of the soul, enables the soldier to stand and fight as well as control the lower class consisting of merchants, artisans and peasants. The souls source Of action derives from courage and enables the appetitive part Of the soul to exhibit moderation and self-restraint keeping us good and just. Anger and envy are the vices Of the spirited part Of the soul. When anger and envy take intro gluttony, lust, and greed will soon follow. The spirited element of the soul is represented by the noble white horse on the right. The last and most important element of the soul according to Plato is reason. This is the part of the soul that thinks, looks ahead, analyzes, rationally weighs options and tries to decide what is best for us overall. It was Plats belief that the rational part of the soul convinces the spirited part of the soul to control the appetitive part of the soul. This is the only way one could achieve balance and armory, The rulers and philosophers were amongst the most rational people in the republic. The charioteer represents our mind and conscious awareness that is guiding the horses and chariot. The charioteer should be in charge of the whole system deciding about when to give each horse it rein or when to hold it back. The horses should not govern the whole system; the whole system should be run by the rational decisions of the charioteer. Plato believed this avgas the perfect balance of the soul and would lead to harmonistic and happiness Of the soul creating a good and just person.

Person-Organisation Fit free essay sample

Contents Person-Organisation Fit2 Forms of P-O fit2 Measures of P-O fit3 Antecedents and outcomes of P-O fit3 Impacts of P-O fit on organisation and individuals4 Performance4 Turnover4 Homogeneity and creativity5 Comparison P-O fit with P-J fit5 Effective management of person-organisation fit6 Importance of Assessing P-O fit in employee selection6 Nurturing P-O fit after the selection process7 Managing P-O fit in organisation with high diversity7 Conclusion10 References12 Bibliography16 Person-Organisation Fit Person-Organisation fit(P-O fit) is broadly defined as the compatibility between people and organisations (Kristof 1996); a compatibility of values and expectations between employee and employer. It is the congruence of an individual’s beliefs and values with the culture, norms, and values of an organization. Forms of P-O fit Kristof (1996) further explains P-O Fit has three main forms. * The first is supplementary fit. It exists when the characteristics of one thing are similar to the same characteristics of something else. * The two other forms of P–O fit are different aspects of complementary fit. Rather than similarity, complementary P–O fit is about one of the parties (the individual or the organization) making the other whole (Muchinsky and Monahan, 1987). It can take several forms such as needs–supplies or demands–abilities relationships (Kristof, 1996). A high level of individual complementary P–O fit exists when the organization supplies what the individual needs. A high level of organizational complementary P–O fit exists when an individual has the abilities, attitudes etc. that the organization demands. Measures of P-O fit Person’s fit to the organisation can be measured on four different levels * Measuring similarity between characteristics of people and organisations * Measuring the goal congruence with organisational leaders or peers (Vancouver, Millsap Peters 1994) * Measuring similarity between individual preferences or needs and organisational systems and structures (Cable Judge 1994) –this reflects the needs-supplies fit perspective. * Measuring similarity between characteristics of an individual personality and organisational climate-sometimes labelled as organisational personality. Bowen et al 1991) Antecedents and outcomes of P-O fit According to Schneider’s (1987) ASA (Attractive-Selection-Attrition) framework people and organisations are attracted to each other based on their similarity. Thus both applicant job choice behaviour and organisations’ hiring practices are the major antecedents of P-O fit. Following organisation entry individual and organisational so cialisation practices contribute to P-O fit. Socialisation helps establish P-O fit between newcomers and organisation (Chatman 1991; Cable Parsons, 2001) Impacts of P-O fit on organisation and individuals High level of P-O fit is related to a number of positive outcomes. P-O fit is correlated to work attitudes like job satisfaction and organisational commitment, organisational citizenship, self reported team work, creativity, and contextual performance (Boxx, Odom and Dunn, 1991; Chatman 1991). It can also predict intention of quit and turnover. Performance Holland (1985) stated that individuals will achieve greatest performance when their skills and traits fit those of the organization. In support of this statement, Caldwell O’Reilly (1990) found that P-O fit is positively related to job performance. Turnover Research examining the relationship between P-O fit and turnover suggests that employees whose values match those of their organization are less likely to experience feelings of incompetence or anxiety (Chatman, 1991). In contrast, employees who do not have a strong fit will either self-select out or will be released by the organization. For this reason, employees who fit with the organization are likely to have higher job satisfaction and lower intentions to quit than those who do not. This is also a measure of organizational commitment (Caldwell O’Reilly, 1990; Chatman, 1991; Saks Ashforth, 1997; Vancouver et al. 1994). Homogeneity and creativity P-O fit research also suggests that employees who have strong fit also possess certain degree of similarity or homogeneity (Lopez McMillan-Capehart, 2003). As a result, a criticism of P-O fit is that it results in employees who think similarly and thus there is less innovation and creative in the organization. Payne, Lane Jabri (1990) have questioned the desirability of too great a fit in creative industries, as ‘group think’ is detrimental to the innovation process. Comparison P-O fit with P-J fit Person-Job fit (P-J fit) is the most common way fit is defined by organizations. Person-Job fit involves the measurement of what we often refer to as â€Å"hard† information about a candidate’s suitability for the tasks that are required for successful performance of a specific job (Handler. C 2004). â€Å"Hard† aspects of P-J Fit include things such as a candidate’s specific skills, their levels of knowledge about specific subject matter, and their cognitive abilities. On the other hand, the elements of P-O Fit are rather soft. That is to say, it’s much more difficult to examine the job-related outcomes of a match between person and an organization as it elates to abstract concepts such as â€Å"values† and â€Å"culture† then it is to examine the outcomes of the match between harder traits, such as a person’s mathematical ability and the related aspects of their job performance. Just because it’s softer in nature and involves less objective constructs then P-J Fit, that doesn’t mean P-O Fit i s any less important. These insights on the two fit concepts suggest that they are complimentary measures that should account for different aspects of job performance and other organisational behaviors of an employee. Effective management of person-organisation fit As can be seen from the nature of the P-O fit, its involvement in the organisation and individual development starts at the selection process itself. It is then nurtured to grow by socialisation trends in the organisation. In this section effective management of P-O fit at various stages is discussed in detail Importance of Assessing P-O fit in employee selection In employee selection research , P-O fit can be conceptualised as the match between applicant and broader organisational attributes. Judge Ferris, 1992;Rynes Gerhart, 1990). P-O fit is very important in maintaining the flexible and committed workforce that is necessary in a competitive business environment and a tight labor market. (Bowen, Ledford Nathan,1991;Kristof 1996) Schneider’s (1987) ASA framework suggests that the sort of people within an organisation shape that organisation, yet that the culture of an organisation endures through changes in personnel. There i s then, a dynamic interaction between the people entering and leaving an organisation and its cultural characteristics. Cultural fit hence may be an important yet unnoticed factor in selection. (Kwiatkowski, 2003). For this reason structured interviews may be more successful than traditional interviews because they focus factors that better predict performance (job knowledge, interpersonal skills and P-O fit. ) As the technology has an exponential growth in the modern world, Psychometric and integrity testing (Schmidt and Hunter 1998) are most effective in assessing general intelligence and other personality factors. These tests can give some insight of personality traits of the applicant which can then be assessed to atch with the organisational culture. Nurturing P-O fit after the selection process Having found the best employees to fit into the organisation through recruiting, It is equally important for the organisation to give significance to employees within the organisation keep their P-O fit motive at higher level. The organisations though may have achieved congruence of goal and value between them and the employees, but there is a factor of uniqueness which cannot be ignored. Most of the organisations will have people from diverse cultural background. As an organisation to be successful, the management has to achieve and maintain the P-O fit effectively. Some means of achieving P-O fit in diverse culture organisation are discussed below. Managing P-O fit in organisation with high diversity The degree of dissimilarity (or diversity) between an employee and his or her co-workers will impact whether or not the employee feels that he or she fits in with the firm. Hobman, Bordia, Gallois (2003) found that employees who perceive themselves to be dissimilar from their work group also experienced greater conflict with group members as well as task-related conflict. When employees are dissimilar from the prototypical group, either visually or due to information gaps, they are less likely to feel that they belong in the organization. Some of the factors that can moderate the effect of diversity are discussed here. Organizational Climate Organizational climate reflects elements of the organizational environment, such as policies, processes, and values that are perceived by employees. Individual behaviors are often a result of perceptions of the work environment more so than of the reality of the work environment (James James, 1989). Organizations that embrace employee differences create an environment in which â€Å"all members and their cultures are appreciated and utilized to achieve organizational success† (Richard Grimes, 1996: 165). Consequently though employees may be dissimilar, the negative outcomes of dissimilarity will be diminished while the positive outcomes will be reinforced. Organizational Socialization Socialization helps determine the level of cultural congruence between the individual and the organization. Therefore, in an effort to increase perceptions of P-O fit, firms implement socialization tactics that are based on the organization’s culture. As such, socialization plays an important role in determining P-O fit. The socialization tactics (Jones,1986 and Van Maanen Schein 1979) can be individualized and institutionalized. Institutionalized socialization tactics Institutionalized socialization refers to the way in which organizations provide employees with explicit guidelines about the sequence and timing of progression in an organization (Allen Meyer, 1990). It is characterized by a structured program that encourages a custodial role orientation (i. e. employees passively accept preset roles and thus maintain homogeneity) (Jones, 1986). Institutionalized socialization produces a more homogeneous organization where innovation is inhibited and employees respond to situations very similarly. According to Allen Meyer (1990), institutionalized socialization tactics may have a negative effect on creativity and innovation. Individualized Socialization Tactics Individualized socialization involves allowing employees to make decisions regarding how tasks should be performed. There are fewer schedules, guidelines, and procedures in an organization that implements individualized tactics. An organization that employs individualized socialization is more heterogeneous because innovation is encouraged and accepted. Individualized socialization tactics promote an organization that capitalizes on differing beliefs and values. In the past, these tactics have been positively related to performance but negatively related to conflict (Ashforth Saks, 1996; Jones, 1983, 1986). Through encouraging employees to develop innovative roles and appreciating individuals differing beliefs and values, organizations may create a workplace where dissimilar employees feel valued and an important part of the success of the organization. The use of individualized socialization tactics should result in mutual respect for one another and acknowledgement of the benefits associated with diversity (i. e. creativity, innovation, and problem solving). Individualized tactics should reduce discrimination in the workplace and provide more role models or entors. As a result, dissimilar employees should not be excluded from the networks and social groups because these tactics encourage and promote staffing decisions regarding diverse individuals. Organizations will benefit from the positive consequences of diversity if tactics are used that encourage and promote diversity in the workplace. Therefore, organizations that seek to take advantage of the benefits associated with employee dissimilarity may experience the positive consequences and not the negative through using individualized tactics. This socialization process leads to a multicultural organization in which all members and their cultures are appreciated and utilized to achieve organizational success (Richard Grimes, 1996: 165). The result is an increase in creativity, problem solving, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment and a decrease in conflict and turnover (Richard Grimes, 1996). Conclusion As the concept of Organisational culture and organisation-person fit become increasingly the order of the day for many organisations to become successful, the need to manage the P-O fit has become highly important. Watt B, Busine M. Wienker E. (2005) suggest several ways organisations can embed and assess fit as part of their recruitment and selection process. †¢ Articulate the value proposition up front through recruitment advertising , which will enable in attracting the ‘right’ people. †¢ Use tools such as Realistic Job Previews and/or ‘Day in the Life’ profiles to help ap plicants self screen. †¢ Describe values in behavioural terms and use behavioural-based questions to assess suitability. Alternatively, identify competencies that align with the core values and ensure that interview questions are constructed to address these. Integrating P-O Fit in Diverse Employees and Dynamic workforce As the knowledgeable employee base has become much more competative many people expect employers to reward for work and to provide development opportunities rather than to recompense tenure or longevity in post. There is an increasing evidence that younger people are considering jobs as temporary. Positions in organisations that offer development, interesting work and equitable reward are seen more attracting than those offering stability or longevity of employment. So also is diversity a part of our society and therefore the workforce.